بازتاب انسان‌شناسی کنفوسیوسی در سیاست خارجی چین

Research and the Purpose of the Research
Given the foundational nature of anthropological discussions in shaping the perspectives and actions of states in international politics, it seems essential to propose alternative approaches. One alternative approach that has gained increased attention is the Confucian intellectual tradition, particularly as it aligns with the strengthening inclination towards non-Western and indigenous theories, alongside China's rising power in both material and symbolic realms of the international system. Therefore, this article addresses the question of what interpretation of human nature is presented in Confucian tradition and how this interpretation is reflected in China's perspective on the international system. The argument of this article posits that, within the Confucian tradition, humans are regarded as inherently moral and relational beings. This means that benevolence, altruism, and responsibility towards others are seen as moral virtues rooted in human essence. Humans become aware of and inevitably actualize these virtues within the context of relationships, interactions, and social roles, which they incorporate into their decisions and actions. These interpretations of human nature have somewhat manifested in China's foreign policy, reinforcing principles such as pacifism and war avoidance, multilateralism, non-interventionism, and a limited and cautious approach to international responsibility.
Research Method
 This important task will be conducted based on a descriptive-analytical approach using trend research and case studies as qualitative research methods. For data collection, we will utilize documentary library sources and reputable websites in the virtual space.
Research Findings
 Considering the position of this tradition in Chinese society, some Confucian teachings, particularly regarding the nature of humanity, have manifested in China's perspectives and actions within the international system. It can be said that China's foreign policy reflects Confucian principles concerning human nature and the notion of "being morally virtuous and benevolent." In this context, Wang Yi, the Chinese Foreign Minister, expressed his diplomatic stance of treating all countries equally within the framework of declared policy, emphasizing that "those who hold more power should not necessarily have the final say on the international stage." This somewhat egalitarian concept in Chinese diplomacy is closely related to four virtues from Confucian literature: benevolence (ren), a tendency towards righteousness (yi), adherence to rituals (li), and wisdom (zhi) (Chang & Prior, 2016). According to Confucian teachings, many conflicts and wars in international relations arise from self-interest and disregard for moral norms. Therefore, China, as a power, has shown little inclination towards engaging in war and has pursued a strategy of war avoidance and peace-seeking in its foreign policy during the modern era. Searching for common grounds for cooperation while respecting differences and disregarding political systems and semantic frameworks of countries has become part of Chinese diplomacy. Even when faced with the United States and its efforts to isolate China internationally, China avoids confrontation and seeks pathways for de-escalation. The avoidance of interventionism and the tendency to adopt an ideological stance are not unrelated to Confucian anthropology and a communicative, collectivist interpretation of human nature. In China's political culture regarding relations with other political entities, there is an emphasis on finding commonalities while preserving differences. It is said that the goal of interaction is to achieve harmony and stabilize relations rather than impose specific values (Samuel, 2023). In Chinese diplomacy, reciprocal relationships hold significant importance and determine how individuals view their relationships with others. From this perspective, pluralism is fundamental, and change must occur voluntarily.
 Conclusion
 In the Confucian tradition, humans are considered inherently moral and relational beings. This means that benevolence, as a moral virtue, is rooted in human essence, and human beings, through relationships, interactions, and social roles, become aware of and inevitably actualize this virtue in their decisions and actions. Traces of Confucian teachings on human nature are reflected in China's perspectives and actions, which, although unconsciously, have led to distinct behavioral patterns. China's avoidance of war, inclination towards de-escalation even with rival states, multilateralism, and non-alignment with interventionist approaches, as well as its limited and cautious international responsibility, which are identifiable patterns in China's foreign policy, are primarily based on a sound theoretical foundation and stem from the Confucian interpretation of human nature. China's culture and civilization are not limited to the creation of concepts and perspectives in foreign policy; one of the greatest examples demonstrating the position of Chinese culture and civilization in its foreign policy is the creation of identities with far-reaching and significant effects. China is recognized as one of the oldest and greatest human civilizations. This extensive historical background has created a unique identity for Chinese policymakers in the present era, through which they engage in foreign policy. Chinese nationalists or indigents, who emphasize Confucian traditions and their application, are an example of the influence of civilization and culture on China's identity and foreign policy. Accordingly, the position of culture and in the present, China is the only country whose modern leaders make decisions based on its history. The above factors collectively indicate the significant position of Chinese civilization and culture in the country's foreign policy, indirectly shaping and guiding it by creating specific worldviews and identities oriented toward Chinese civilization. As mentioned earlier, Chinese culture, which stems from the country's ancient civilization, is the most important source of China's soft power, comprising an uninterrupted long history accompanied by a multitude of traditions, concepts, perspectives, and values such as order, benevolence, compatibility, and harmony. From a broad perspective, the central core of Chinese culture is the concept of harmony. This value has encouraged Chinese leaders to invite the world to build a harmonious world; an idea pursued abroad in parallel with China's domestic policies.